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fluids and electrolytes

TONICITY OF INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS

Solution                                                 Tonicity

0.4% saline (1/2 NS)                                  Hypotonic

0.9% saline (NS)                                        Isotonic

5% dextrose in water (5% D/W)                Isotonic

5% dextrose in 0.225% saline (5% D ¼ NS)  Isotonic

Lactated Ringer’s solution                       Isotonic

5% dextrose in lactated Ringer’s sol’n Hypertonic

5% dextrose in lactated Ringer’s sol’n Hypertonic

5% dextrose in 0.45% saline (5% D/1/2 NS) Hype

10% dextrose in water (10% D/W)       Hypertonic

DAILY BODY FLUID EXCRETION

Kidneys                                            1500 ml

Skin by diffusion                                 400 ml

Lungs                                                 350 ml

Feces                                                 150 ml

Skin by perspiration                           100 ml

 

ELECTROLYTES NORMAL VALUES

Sodium                 135 – 145 mEq/L

Potassium           3.5 – 5.1 mEq/L

Calcium                8.6 – 10.0 mEq/L

Magnesium        1.6 – 2.6 mEq/L

Phosphorus        2.7 – 4.5 mg/dL

 

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE

Electrolyte                          ECG Changes

Imbalance

Hypocalcemia          Prolonged ST Interval

                                Prolonged QT interval

Hypercalcemia         Shortened ST segment

                                Widened T wave

Hypokalemia           ST depression

                                Shallow, flat, or

                                inverted T wave

                                Prominent U wave

Hyperkalemia          Tall peaked T waves

                                Flat P waves

                                Widened QRS complex

                                Prolonged PR interval

Hypomagnesemia   Depressed ST segment

                                Prolonged PR interval

                                Widened QRS complex

Hypermagnesemia   Prolonged PR interval

                                Widened QRS 

  

TEST PERCENTAGE MONITORING

Safety and Effective Care Environment

Test 1 - 15/25 - 60%

http://nclexreviewers.com/nclex-sample-questions/safe-and-effective-care-environment/safe-and-effective-care-environment-nclex-review-questions.html

Test 2 -